Brinell hardness testing was invented by Dr. J. A Brinell from Sweden in 1900. It is an old method of hardness test which is commonly used today. Brinell hardness testing is mainly used for determining the hardness of castings and forgings which have a grain structure too course for either Vickers or Rockwell testing.

Brinell hardness testing is usually carried out on large parts. Moreover, this test is virtually able to test all types of metals by varying the ball size and test force. Brinell values are considered test force independent only if the relationship of the ball size/test force is the same.

In some contries including USA, Brinell testing is usually carried out on iron and steel casting by using a 3000Kg test force along with a 10mm diameter carbide ball. Therefore, the typical Brinell testing range used is 500 up to 3000 kg with 5 up to 10 mm carbide balls.

Meanwhile, the Brinell hardness testing in Europe is carried out by using forces and carbide balls at wider range. N this area, Brinell test is commonly performed on small parts by utilizing a 1 mm carbide ball as well as a test force at 1 kg. These low load tests are generally known as baby Brinell tests.

What are the Methods of Brinell Hardness Testing? The method of Brinell hardness testing has indenting the test material along with 1 hardened steel or carbide ball with 10 mm diameter. It is aimed to load 3000kg. For softer material, you can reduce the load to 1500 kg or even 500 kg in order to avoid the excessive indentation. For iron and steel, the full load is commonly applied for 10 or 15 seconds.

Meanwhile, for other metals, the full load is around 30 seconds. The indentation diameter which is left in the test material is usually measured with a low power microscope. The Brinell hardness number is obtained by dividing the load used by the indentation surface area.

The impression diameter is the average of two readings at the right angles. The use of a Brinell hardness number table is very helpful in simplifying the determination of the Brinell hardness. Brinell hardness testing number which is well-structured can show the conditions of the test and may look like “75 HB 10/500/30”. It means that a Brinell Hardness of 75 was achieved by using 10 mm diameter hardened steel along with 30 seconds of handling 500 kilogram load.

Tests of Brinell hardness testing on really hard metals, you can substitute the tungsten carbide ball with the steel ball. Different from any other hardness test methods, the Brinell ball is able to make the widest and deepest indentation. As a result, the test averages the hardness over a greater amount of material.

It is able to provide you more accurate account for some different grain structures and any other regularity in the material uniformity. This is suitable for obtaining the bulk or macro-hardness of a material especially material with various structures.

Applications

Due to the wide range of test force, the Brinell hardness testing can be applied for virtually any metallic material. The strengths of this application include on scale which can cover the whole hardness range. Its wide arrange of test forces and ball size is to fit every application. Meanwhile, the weaknesses include slow testing around 30 seconds and it needs well test point finish for accurate measurement.

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Hardness test blocks are now widely known as another option of hardness tester. Hardness test blocks are mainly used for calibrating the production of hardness testers. They are heated in a vacuum heat treat furnace which is controlled b computer for providing you a great repeatability and consistency. For easier reading and high accuracy, they are mostly equipped with diamond polished.

Brinell Hardness Test Block

If you are looking for hardness test blocks, Brineel hardness test block can be your good option. This instrument is used for calibrating portable, bench, and production Brinell hardness testers. Each of the test blocks is heat treated in a computer-controlled vacuum heat treat furnace for insuring the optimal repeatability and consistency. In order to provide you impressions for easy reading with great accuracy, they are lightened with diamond polish.

Furthermore, Branell hardness test blocks are standardized along with five impressions. These instruments have met the certification from ASTM E-10 as well as ISO 6506 on hardness testers which are standardized and traceable to NIST.

The arithmetic mean of the five impressions is engraved on the block either in diameter in millimeters or BHN Hardness. Each test block is standardized with Tungsten carbide indenters. HB30 designates 3000 kg / 10 mm ball. It is the most common scale of Brinell. Meanwhile, HB15 designates 1500 kg / 10 mm ball, and HB5 designates 500 kg /10 mm ball.

Brinell hardness test blocks’ final inspection is performed in the state of the art ISO 17025 official laboratories. All types of test blocks are constructed with the revisions of the newest ASTM E10 from Brinell. Each of the hardness test blocks is equipped with a long form calibration certificate which is to verify the readings.

Meanwhile, the equipment for test measurement utilized was calibrated and traceable to NIST. This instrument is available in aluminum or steel with the hardness in the range of HB525 to HB75. The dimension of this test block is 6 inch long x 2-1/2 inch wide x 5/8 inch thick.

The features which are supplied to this type of hardness test blocks include 25 percent larger test block, amenable with the latest Brinell ASTM E10 Brinell Revisions, specific heat treat process which can provide you a repeatability and consistency, easy to read grain free surface, great de-carb free tool aluminum and steel, ISO 6506 accredited, NIST traceability, and also lifetime guarantee.

Rockwell Test Blocks with the latest Rockwell E18 Revision

Another option of hardness test blocks you can pick for your need is Rockwell test blocks with E18 Revision. It is able to provide you a fast and reasonable test. It comes with simple operation for easier use even with less skilled operator.

The test is very beneficial for selecting the material, controlling the process and quality, as well as for acceptance testing of commercial products. There are two categories of Rockwell hardness scales including regular and superficial Rockwell scales. Both use the same indenter type.

The regular Rockwell hardness testing scales utilize heavier load levels including 60 kgf, 100 kgf or 150 kgf. On the other hand, superficial Rockwell hardness testing scales utilize lighter load levels including 3 kgf, 15 kgf, 30 kgf or 45 kgf. Therefore, superficial is ideal for thinner materials.

The features which are supplied to this type of hardness test blocks are calibrated to ISO 6508, ISO/IEC 17025, (ISO) 10012-1, ANSI (NCSL) Z540-1, ASTM E18, high quality brass, steel, and aluminum, diamond polishes to mirror finish, great accuracy, special heat treat process for great repeatability and consistency.

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Micro hardness tester is aimed to measure the hardness of an object with load no more than 1 kgf. Micro hardness test usually refers to static indentations. The indenter used can be either the Knoop elongated diamond pyramid or the Vickers diamond pyramid. Micro hardness tester has the same testing procedure with standard Vickers hardness test but that it is carried out on a microscopic scale with high accuracy instrument.

This micro hardness tester usually tests the surface which needs a metallographic finish. If you use smaller load, it will need a high surface finish. The precision microscopes which are usually utilized to the indentations measurement are equipped with magnification of x500 for +0.5 micrometers of accuracy. However, in order to obtain this accuracy, considerable experience and care are needed.
QV 2000 Micro Hardness Tester Series

The QV 2000 series micro vickers and knoop testers comes with mechanical load application in the range of HV0.01 up to HV2 (10gf to 2kgf). It is a reliable instrument for determining the hardness of a lot of products. This type of micro hardness tester is also supplied with outstanding load system which is beneficial for forcing the application in the range of 10 grams up to 2 kg without any weight changing or hassle. In addition, it is also equipped with load selector knob which can be directly applied in any global standards.

The features which are supplied to this micro hardness tester include an accurate test force, high precise measurement, great gauge reproducibility and repeatability, and also efficiency and flexibility in use. The assembly of this instrument needs to be configured to some particular requirements.

If you prefer 1 or 3 measuring objectives or 2 indenter system, you can change the measurement form Vickers to Knoop simply by touching the button. This instrument is compatible to video imaging systems, filar systems, auto measuring systems, and MS Office applications.

Odel HMV-2 Micro hardness Tester

Another option of micro hardness tester you can consider to pick is the HMV2. This instrument combines the advanced technology of precision craftsmanship for a great accurate Vickers or knoop scale micro hardness testing instrument which can measure up to .01µm.

The features offered are touchpad for easy operation, loads from 10g to 2 kg, a lot of digital functions for data reporting and digital function, NewAge C.A.M.S for complete automatic and computer control. Also, it comes to offer you a wide range of accessories and fixtures.

QV 2000-DAT series

As another alternative of micro hardness tester you can take into your consideration is QV 2000-DAT series. This DAT series comes with a Digital Electronic Eyepiece and enhanced functionality and high resolution readings. This instrument will transfer the obtained diagonal measurements to the CPU system and it is calculated to the actual Vickers or Knoop value.

Furthermore, the DAT is also supplied with more advanced display function for more convenient use. The system of this instrument is able to show the real time statistic values. This model belongs to one of the most advanced deadweight Micro Vickers system which is available today.

The features equipped to this type of micro hardness tester include the motorized turret, high resolution digital eyepiece, motorized load control, automatic measurement, statistics and conversions, XY stage with 0.01 mm resolution, and integrated high speed.

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Vickers hardness tester is equipment which is used for measuring the hardness by using Vickers hardness test method. The method contains indenting the test material along with the diamond indenter. The indenter comes in a right pyramid with a square base and an angle of 136 degrees. Vickers hardness tester measures by dividing the kgf load by the square mm indentation area.

NI-HV30 Vickers Hardness Tester, Micro to Macro Loads

As another option of Vickers hardness tester available for you is NI-HV30. This equipment is able to provide you a capability for testing the micro and macro hardness at higher loads with a single Vickers testing. It is also able to test the case hardness of some different materials including ceramics, welds, plastics, and any other materials in which macro hardness loads are needed. Vickers hardness tester is mostly used in Europe. However, it is now increasing in the USA due to the globalization.

The features offered by this Vickers hardness tester include ASTM E-92, keypad control which allows you to easily operate the basic function of the machine, complete automatic loading and unloading, automatic load selection which is available in seven loads from micro up to macro in the load range of 0.2 kg up to 30 kg. Furthermore, it is also equipped with new age C.A.M.S system which is able to provide you total control for automatic and also computer. It can also provide you a large capacity.

LV-Series Macro-Vickers Hardness Testing Systems

Another option of Vickers hardness tester is LV-series from LECO. It comes with an affordable testing system which is suitable for demanding Asian and European specifications. It comes with some different models including digital, analog, semi-automatic, manual, and also automatic video/image analysis systems.

The features included in this Vickers hardness tester include two precision photo etched measuring lines, replaceable field and aperture diaphragm, double leaf spring indenter which can support for the greater accuracy, centered indentations, and also excellent repeatability. Also, it offers you three objectives on one turret, wide load range with 8 steps from 0.3 kgf to 50 kgf, and objective variety from 2.5X to 100X.

Load-Cell FLC-50v

Load Cell FLC-50v is another option of Vickers hardness tester you can take into your consideration. It comes with some great features to offer. Those features include the adopted load cell mechanism, a wide range load system including macro and micro from 50 g to 50 kg, and the exact CPU feedback which enables this equipment to stabilize the test load accuracy.

Furthermore, this type of Vickers hardness tester is also equipped with liquid crystal touch pad display along with excellent visibility. The screen of the display is made to be clear and bright. You can also use the display as the TV monitor by installing the CCD camera. It can also be a multi function hardness testing since it is able to perform Brinell / Knoop / Vickers along with fracture toughness test.

HV-10/50 Electronic Vickers Hardness Tester

This is another Vickers hardness tester you can pick for fitting your need. It belongs to a new high technology tester which integrates the precision mechanical and also photoelectrical technologies. Some main features this tester offers include the micro computer control, adjustable lighting source through sot keys, LED display, exceptional measurement conversion device and also micro eyepiece one-time measurement readout device which can provide you easy use and accuracy.

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Hardness test equipment is equipment which is designed for measuring the penetration hardness of objects such as metal, plastic, soft rubber, sponge rubber, or foam. Hardness test equipment is used especially for various applications including for checking the hardness of bowling bowl or contact lens blank. Also, they are applicable for felt,   leather, soft plastics and other similar materials.

Hardness test equipment is established to meet and exceed the need for testing the specification of the material. Some of the equipments are equipped with a range of accessories, test blocks, and fixtures. Different equipment may be designed for different need such as for plastic or metal only.

574R Rockwell Tester

As one of the options of hardness test equipment, 574R Rockwell Tester can be a good option to pick. This equipment has been proved as a reliable deadweight test instrument you can rely on. This equipment is able to test for all of the Rockwell hardness at regular scale such as 60, 100, and 150 kgf major test forces.

In addition, it can also hold a wide variety of different applications. This 574R Rockwell comes with some features to offer including a rugged industrial design, an integrated USB port which can provide you quick data transfer to the Microsoft® Excel® and any other applications.

All series of 574 hardness test equipment from Rockwell are supplied with a strong auto-braking system on preload which can ensure the seamless operation and also the measurement system with a high-precision depth which can provide you an accurate and repeatable testing. This 574R Rockwell is able to provide you high quality, precision, and durability. It belongs to a leading industry on the Gauge Repeatability and Reproducibility (GR&R).

King Brinell Hardness Tester

This is another option of hardness test equipment which can be a good option for your need. It is widely known for great accuracy, durability, versatility, and also affordability. It has already been available on the market for more than 60 years.

It comes with a lightweight design for easier maneuver. For the operation, it needs a single operator so that it can be ideally utilized for bench unit or portable. Also, it offers you a great versatility to test almost all sizes and shapes of metal specimen. Everyone can use it easily.

Furthermore, this type of hardness test equipment offers you a simple operation. You only need to locate the specimen between the test head and the anvil. Then, crank the test head down to the specimen and lock the tester in its place. After that you can close the pressure release valve. The last is to pull the hydraulic until you can get the desired load.

King Brinell Hardness Tester is hardness test equipment which can be applied up to a 3,000 kg load on 10mm ball for a long lasting impression for re-reading at any time. Its by-pass valve is activated automatically at the calibrated load which enables this to eliminate the possibility of overloading.

The operator can then read and record the impression by using a Brinell microscope. In addition, this hardness test equipment is able to provide you a high quality product since it has met all the standards from international including JIS Standards, British Standard #240, Pt.2, Sect.1, and ASTM E-110.

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Hardness testing machines can inspect ferrous and non-ferrous metals, of any hardness and shapes. These machines are easy to operate and can also be operate manually. They are made by using superior quality raw material that ensures excellent performance with accurate testing results. Hardness testing machines will help you in handling your works.

Hardness testing machines are now available in any types and model. You can choose one of the best models that suitable with your needs. It is important for you to think about the price before you buy the best one. You may also pay more attention on the details of features offered to you. To give you more information, here are some reviews of hardness testing machines that you can read as consideration. Make sure that you will choose the best one as your needs.

Vickers Cum Brinell Hardness Testing Machine

The first choice of hardness testing machines that you are able to choose is Vickers Cum Brinell Hardness Testing Machine. It is one of the best choices that we recommend for you. It is available in various models such as BV-250, BV-250-S, BV-120, BV -120 -S, BV -50, BV -50-S. It is also well known for high accuracy, reliability and easy operation.

This model of hardness testing machines features wide testing range from soft metal such as lead to the hard metal such hardened steel and thin sheet metal which is perfectly tested because the load applied is very small. It built in projection screen to get accurate results. This Vickers Cum Brinell Hardness Testing Machine is great for you as it comes with the best features.

Zwick ZHU2.5/Z2.5 Universal Hardness Testing Machine

The second choice of hardness testing machines that we recommend for you is Zwick ZHU2.5/Z2.5 Universal Hardness Testing Machine. It is the most versatile all-round hardness tester the world has ever seen. It also equipped with other tools or grips, this modular test system is also suitable for tensile, compression and flexure tests.

Zwick ZHU2.5/Z2.5 Universal Hardness Testing Machine consists of a quantity microscope with up to 4 objective lenses and a linear slide unit that permits the position between the measurement microscope and the loading assembly to be changed, thus guaranteeing that a component to be tested does not shift. This model of hardness testing machines will help you much in handling your needs.

MVK-H1/H2/H3 Series 810 (Micro-Vickers Hardness Testing Machine)

The next choice of hardness testing machines that also come with the best design is MVK-H1/H2/H3 Series 810 (Micro-Vickers Hardness Testing Machine). It comes with digimatic Micrometer head that is used in the feeding mechanism of the XY stage; the positional data can be digitally displayed. It also provides data processing functions such as hardness scale conversion and statistical calculation.

This model of hardness testing machines features with a large working space for easy measurement of large specimens and built in data calculation function which calculated hardness data is shown on the LED. Automatic XY stage of this MVK-H1/H2/H3 Series 810) allows complex multi-point measurement to be performed with ease. Choosing this model is the best solution for you.

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Vickers hardness test is one of the hardness tester used to measure the hardness of materials. The Vickers test is often easier to use than other hardness tests since the required calculations are independent of the size of the indenter, and the indenter can be used for all materials irrespective of hardness. The basic principle, as with all common measures of hardness, this Vickers hardness test is to observe the questioned material’s ability to resist plastic deformation from a standard source.

The Vickers hardness test method is also consists of indenting the test material with a diamond indenter, in the form of a right pyramid with a square base and an angle of 136 degrees between opposite faces subjected to a load of 1 to 100 kgf. The advantages of the Vickers hardness test are that extremely accurate readings can be taken, and just one type of indenter is used for all types of metals and surface treatments.

The Vickers hardness test gained popularity as it is often easier to use than other hardness tests since the required calculations are independent of the size of the indenter, and the indenter can be used for all materials irrespective of hardness. The Vickers test can be used for all metals and some ceramics and has one of the widest scales among hardness tests.

Vickers hardness test is available in any types. You can choose one of the best type that suitable for your needs. Be sure that you will get it as your needs. To help you more, below is information of some types that you can choose in handling your needs.

Vickers Cum Brinell Hardness Testing Machine

This Vickers Cum Brinell Hardness Testing Machine is the first type of Vickers hardness test that you can choose. It is available in various models such as BV-250, BV-250-S, BV-120, BV -120 -S, BV -50, BV -50-S. Suitable for Vickers and Brinell Hardness of steel and other metals, these machines are well known for high accuracy, reliability and easy operation.

This type of Vickers hardness test is great for you. It features wide testing range from soft metal such as lead to the hard metal such hardened steel, thin sheet metal is perfectly tested because the load applied is very small, same hardness number is obtained on the some specimen, regardless of the load applied, and built in projection screen to get accurate results.

Computerised Vickers Hardness Tester

The next type of Vickers hardness test you can choose. This type is fully computer operated and facilitate with accurate measurement of Vickers hardness. These machines can are used for testing load of various metals ranging from soft to the hardest and are available with manual as well as automatic modes of measurement.

This type of Vickers hardness test will be the best solution for your needs. It features with fully computerized system for indentation, measurement and display, accurate measurement of Vickers hardness through matched optics, CCD, hardware and software using advanced image processing technology, wide range of 10 steps of test loads for testing soft metals such as lead to hardest steels, high accuracy confirming to IS 1754-1986, push button provided for load selection, etc. Using this Computerised Vickers Hardness Tester will give you many advantages.

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Shore hardness tester is one of hardness tester equipments that will give you get good measurement accuracy and repetitiveness. It is very convenient to operate. With their portable size and easy operation, Shore hardness tester is popular in the world. It is designed to measure the penetration hardness of rubber, elastomers and other rubber like substances such as neoprene, silicone, and vinyl. It can also be used for soft plastics, felt, leather and similar materials.

Shore hardness tester instruments offer a complete range of hardness testers from vital bench and handheld units to complex production automation systems with accessories and fixtures to meet your applications and budget. This hardness tester has a strength measurement instruments with proven show and the greatest repeatability in its class.

Shore hardness tester is the great equipment for you. This hardness tester has a depth measurement instruments with proven show and the best repeatability in its class. If you have hardness testing requirements, Shore hardness tester is the best solution for you. To help you getting more information about it, here is information for you. You can read this information as consideration to get the best type that will handle your works. Be sure that you will decide the best one as your needs.

Zwick Analog Shore Hardness Testers

The first type that we recommend for you is Zwick Analog Shore Hardness Testers. These analog Shore hardness testing instruments comply with DIN 53505, ASTM D 2240, ISO 868, NFT 51109. For on site testing on the product, versions with and without pointer is available. The instruments with pointers make testing easier, particularly in difficult-to-access locations, as the measured value is indicated by the pointer after the test. This Zwick Analog is great for you.

Zwick Digital Shore Hardness Testers

It is one of the types that we recommend for you. These electronic hardness testers are used for hardness determination on plastics and rubber to DIN 53505, ASTM D 2240, ISO 868, NFT 51109 and BS 903 Part A26. It is essential for standard-compliant testing that specimens have a plane-parallel contact surface of at least 35 mm diameter and a material thickness of 6 mm. This type is great for you. Its hardness value determination after hold times of 3 seconds and 1 second can be accommodated with digital hardness testing instruments.

Zwick 3105 Combi Test IRHD/Shore

The next type of Shore hardness tester that you can choose is Zwick 3105 Combi Test IRHD/Shore. It is a microcomputer controlled hardness testing instrument with very high measurement accuracy in several IRHD and Shore measurement ranges. The Zwick 3105 delivers quick, fully automatic measurement in all Shore and IRHD ranges with high measurement accuracy thanks to its digital measuring systems.

This Zwick 3105 Combi Test IRHD/Shore can perform hardness tests on moldings and sheet materials, for example using an automatic test sequence. Before the spring load for Shore testing or the main load for IRHD is applied, the indenter scans the surface of the specimen. This patented procedure helps guarantee reliable measurements on moldings with concave or convex surfaces. This Zwick 3105 Combi Test IRHD/Shore is great for you as it will help you in handling your works.

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Wilson hardness tester is one of the world’s leading providers of hardness testing instruments which supply a comprehensive range of hardness testers from Rockwell, Knoop or Vickers, and Brinell to complex production automation systems. Wilson Instruments service and support team is dedicated to providing the maximum quality service and support, and dependable calibration and verification in the industry. Wilson hardness tester is the best solution for you if you have hardness testing requirements.

Hardness testing instruments from Wilson hardness tester offers a comprehensive range of hardness testers from basic bench and handheld units to complex production automation systems with accessories and fixtures to meet your applications and budget.  Wilson hardness tester products are predominately used to determine the hardness of metals, alloys, small precision parts, wire and plastics ranging from the softest bearing materials to the hardest steel.

Wilson hardness tester is the premier provider of hardness testing solutions for a wide variety of applications. Wilson hardness testers are used extensively in heat treat analysis and by the automotive, aerospace, steel, and transportation equipment industries. This hardness tester has a depth measurement instruments with proven performance and the best repeatability in its class.

M51 and M52 Portable Handheld Hardness Testers from Wilson Instruments

These type of Wilson hardness testers is the first recommendation for you. The M51 and M52 portable handheld hardness testers are ideal for testing stacked sheets, rod and tubing on racks and in areas where clearance is limited. It is great for measurement.

The test is supplied with major loads of 60, 100 and 150 kg. These handheld units are equipped with pistol grips for ease of operation and speed. Models are available in throat capacities up to 12 inches and throat depth up to 6 inches.

The M51 and M52 portable handheld hardness testers come with the best features such as manual operation and analog display, ideal for areas with limited clearance, regular Rockwell scale testing, two sizes available, and integral clamp mechanism. Choosing these types of Wilson hardness testers is great for you since it will handle your needs.

Wolpert Wilson BRINELL HARDNESS TESTER 3000BLD & 3000BLD/T

The second type of Wilson hardness tester that you are able to choose is Wolpert Wilson BRINELL HARDNESS TESTER 3000BLD & 3000BLD/T. It is Digital Brinell tester with motorized load cell, closed loop system Sturdy, regular 30kN Brinell testing machine for the higher load Brinell scales. It designet with Rugged construction to withstand the harshest environments.

This Wolpert Wilson BRINELL HARDNESS TESTER 3000BLD & 3000BLD/T. It is the best Wilson hardness tester that will give you an accurate, reliable and durable tester at a very affordable price. High rigidity and close loop load cell technology to ensure accurate and safe load application.

This type is also comes with external microscope with analogue reading to measure the diagonals. It designs to build in keypad calculator presents HB hardness value on display without mistakes. It is easy to use human interface to set up and operate the tester. Choosing this Wolpert Wilson BRINELL HARDNESS TESTER 3000BLD & 3000BLD/T will give you many advantages as it comes with the best features.

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Rockwell hardness testing is a common method for measuring the bulk hardness of metallic and polymer materials. Even though hardness testing will not give you a direct measurement of any performance properties, hardness of a material correlates directly with its strength, wear resistance, and other properties. You can get some advantages from this Rockwell hardness testing.

Advantages of the Rockwell hardness testing include the direct Rockwell hardness number readout and rapid testing time. Hardness testing is generally used for material evaluation as its simplicity and low price relative to direct measurement of many properties.

Particularly, conversion charts from Rockwell hardness to tensile strength are available for some structural alloys, including steel and aluminum. Rockwell hardness testing is can be identified as an indentation testing method.

Three basic problem types typically, most Rockwell hardness testing problems can be separated into three categories; accuracy, repeatability, and correlation. Before discussing the causes, it is important to define the problems. The first problem is accuracy.

It is the ability of the instrument to read in a linear fashion on recognized hardness standards, and it is ability to transfer this accuracy onto hardness test specimens. The second is repeatability. It is a measurement of how well the instrument is able to duplicate its results on recognized hardness standards. And the last is correlation. It is an ability of the instrument to produce results similar to those produced by another “properly calibrated” instrument.

To start this Rockwell hardness testing, the indenter is “place” into the model at an arranged minor load. A major load is then applied and held for a set time period. The force on the indenter is then decreased back to the minor load.

The Rockwell hardness number is calculated from the depth of permanent deformation of the indenter into the sample, the difference in indenter position before and after application of the major load. The minor and major loads can be applied using dead weights or springs. The indenter position is measured using an analog dial indicator or an electronic device with digital readout.

The different indenter types combined with a variety of test loads form a matrix of Rockwell hardness scales that are relevant to a great variety of materials. Each Rockwell hardness scale is identified by a letter designation indicative of the indenter type and the major and minor loads used for the test.

The Rockwell hardness number is expressed as an arrangement of the exact numerical hardness value and the scale letter preceded by the letters, HR. For example of Rockwell hardness testing, a hardness value of 80 on the Rockwell A scale is reported as 80 HRA.

There are two superficial tester scales in Rockwell hardness testing; the first is regular Rockwell hardness testing which measures the bulk hardness of the material. There are separate scales for ferrous metals, nonferrous metals, and plastics.

Common Rockwell hardness scales include A, B, C and F for metals and M and R for polymers. And the second is superficial Rockwell hardness testing. A more surface sensitive measurement of hardness than regular Rockwell scales. This technique is helpful for testing thin samples, samples with hardness gradients at the surface, and small areas. Superficial Rockwell hardness scales are N and T for metals and W, X and Y for nonmetallic materials and soft coatings.

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